Features Of Grices Cooperative Principle

Features Of Grices Cooperative Principle It was in 1975 when Herbert Paul Grice announced one of his most famous and influential papers Logic and Conversation including the Cooperative Principle with its Conversational Maxims. This paper targets at introducing the Cooperative Principle as well as alternative principles which have been developed as a response to Grices efforts. Even if the founders of these alternative principles take Grices Principle as a basis they have been criticizing it in order to refine his notions and ideas of how human communication works (Herbst 2010: 268). Taking the Cooperative Principle as the initial point of this paper there will be an introduction of Grices principle at first. In a further step the paper will provide an outline of the alternative principles in a chronological order as they were published. The final chapter is concerned with a conclusion based on current research as well there will follow an evaluation by taking into account how the views on Grices Cooperative principle change d over time. 2. Main features of Grices Cooperative Principle According to Grice human talk exchanges are rational because while speaking we connect our remarks and if we would not do so they would not be rational (cf. Grice 1975: 45). Consequently talk exchanges are not usually just a collection of context-free and separate sentences (cf. Grice 1975: 45). Grice describes them further as cooperative efforts in which each participant can recognize to some extent a common purpose or a set of purposes or rather a mutually accepted direction (Grice 1975: 45). Furthermore he mentions that this purpose or direction may be fixed from the start, or it may evolve during the exchange (Grice 1975: 45). Here it is not necessary if the direction of the talk exchange is established from the beginning on or if it is developing during the conversation because at each stage of the conversation there will be some possible conversational moves which would be excluded as conversationally unsuitable (Grice 1975:45). Due to these conversationally unsuitable moves Gr ice (1975: 45) was the first who tried to delineate in a general principle the mechanisms by which people interpret conversational implicature (Thomas 1995: 61). This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle and it is expected to be observed by all participants of a talk exchange (cf. Grice 1975: 45). The Cooperative Principle according to Grice (1975: 45) is defined in the following way: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The Cooperative Principle is followed by four Conversational Maxims which are divided into the categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner (Grice 1975: 45).  [1]  These Conversational Maxims roughly put the guidelines in words on which we orientate our communicative behavior or rather as Levinson rephrases them in his work Pragmatics as the maxims specify what participants have to do in order to conver se in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information (Levinson 1983: 102). In Logic and Conversation Grice (cf. 1975: 45-f.) lists the maxims in the following way: The Maxim of Quantity- relates to the quantity of information to be provided, and under it fall the following maxims: 1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The Maxim of Quality- under the category of Quality fall a supermaxim -Try to make your contribution one that is true- and two more specific maxims:1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The Maxim of Relation under the category of Relation Grice places a single maxim, namely: Be relevant. The Maxim of Manner under the category of Manner Grice understands them as relating not (like the previous categories) to what is said but rather, to HOW what is said to be said. The Maxim of Manner includes the supermaxim Be perspicuous and various maxims such as: 1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity. 3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). 4. Be orderly. As Grice indicates further in his paper a participant in a talk exchange may fail to fulfill a maxim (Grice 1975: 49). Thus, there are situations in which a participant is not able to stick to the maxims listed above. The four possible ways of non-observing the maxims mentioned by Grice (cf. Grice 1975: 49) will be listed in the following and after that there will follow one example for each type of non-observance in order to examine the failure: (1) A participant in a talk exchange may quietly and unostentatiously VIOLATE a maxim; if so, in some cases he will be liable to mislead. (2) A speaker may OPT OUT from the operation both of the maxim and the CP; he may say, indicate, or allow it to become plain that he is unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxims requires. (3) A speaker may be faced by a CLASH: He may be unable, for example, to fulfill the first maxim of Quantity (Be as informative as is required) without violating the second maxim of Quality (Have adequate evidence for what you say). (4) A participant may FLOUT a maxim; that is, he may blatantly fail to fulfill it. On the assumption that the speaker is able to fulfill the maxim and to do so without violating another maxim [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦], is not opting out, and is not, in view of the blatancy of his performance, trying to mislead [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] This situation is one that characteristically gives rise to a conversational implicature; and when a conversational implicature is generated in this way, I shall say that a maxim is being exploited. According to the first type of non-observance (1) it might be useful to add as it is pointed out in Meaning in Interaction that many commentators incorrectly use the term violate for all forms of non-observance of the maxims (Thomas 1995: 72). But nevertheless Grice defines violation very specifically as the unostentatious non-observance of a maxim (Thomas 1995: 72). To clarify the phenomena of violating a maxim the following example as it is mentioned by Thomas might be helpful: An English athlete was pulled out of her race and returned to England. A press officer for the England team said: She has a family bereavement; her grandmother has died. (1995: 73). The following day it was proclaimed that the athlete had to leave because of a positive drug test (cf. Thomas 1995: 73). Nevertheless the statement of the press officer was true, but the implicature which was the reason of the English athletes returning home was not true as it is explained in Thomas (cf. 1995: 73). The second ty pe of non-observing (2) means that a participant of talk exchange opts out of the conversation because he does not behave in the way as it is prescribed by the Conversational Maxims or rather the participant does so to express unwillingness (Thomas 1995: 74). Therefore Thomas elaborates these kinds of non-observing are typically for public figures as they cannot, perhaps for legal or ethical reason, reply in the way expected (Thomas 1995: 74). Relating to this Grice introduces the following example: I cannot say more; my lips are sealed (Grice 1975: 49) or an instance for a public figures response would be: No comment. The third possible type in falling to fulfill the maxims is given when the speaker is faced by a clash (3) due to a conflict of two or rather of more maxims. Consequently in this situation a speaker is not able to observe the maxims. Aiming at illustrating this specific situation of incompatibility the instance given by Grice (cf. 1975: 51-f.) in his work might be hel pful: For their vacation in France A is planning with B a route considering the fact that both of them are aware of that A wants to meet his friend C. Furthermore Grice mentions that the meeting would not entail too great prolongation of their journey (cf. Grice 1975: 51) and additionally to these background information he introduces that A is asking: Where does C live? and B answers: Somewhere in the South of France. (Grice 1975: 51). This clash can be explained by taking into account that B does not provide too much information as A wishes to get (cf. Grice 1975: 51). By providing too little information B is obviously not observing the first maxim of Quantity (cf. Grice 1975: 51) and this explains Grice by supposing that B is aware that to be more informative would be to say something that infringed the maxim of Quality, Dont say what you lack adequate evidence for (Grice 1975: 51-f.). Thus, B acts as if he does not know exactly where C lives (cf. Grice 1975: 52). The fourth type of an infringement of a maxim is expressed by flouting a maxim (4) as stated in Thomas the most important category by far because it generates an implicature (1995: 64). By generating an implicature on purpose the speaker is aware of doing so. Plausible reasons therefore might be that the speaker does not want to provide too little or rather too much information than the situation demands (Thomas 1995: 65). The latter is given in the subsequent example as in Thomas (1995: 66): A is asking B about a mutual friends new boyfriend: A: Is he nice? B: She seems to like him. In the foregoing example B does not observe the maxim of Quantity by providing a less informative response to As question as it is described in Thomas (1995: 66). 3. Alternative Principles to the Cooperative Principle As the introduction of this paper previously indicated the Cooperative Principle has not been set free from critiques and thus it is not surprising that there exist suggestions for improvement or rather that there are alternative principles which will be presented in this chapter. 3.1 The Politeness Principle by Geoffrey Leech According to Geoffrey Leech there is a lack in Grices Cooperative Principle relating to the level of relationship while communicating because as the CP only refers to the content level as it is described in Bublitz (2009: 209). Moreover one could infer that the aspect of politeness is missing. Especially politeness is absolutely obligatory for Leech to answer the question why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean and in addition he is convinced that the Politeness Principle is not just another principle to be added to the CP, but is a necessary complement, which rescues the CP from serious trouble (Leech 1983: 80). The Politeness Principle is expressed in Principles of Pragmatics as follows: Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs; Maximzie (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs (Leech 1983: 81). To the Politeness Principle are six maxims added which tend to go in pairs (Leech 1983: 132). In the following these si x maxims (cf. Leech 1983: 132-36) will be listed and will be explained briefly below.  [2]   (1) The Tact Maxim: Minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other. (2) The Generosity Maxim: Minimize benefit to self: Maximize cost to self. (3) The Approbation Maxim: Minimize dispraise of other; maximize praise of other. (4) The Modesty Maxim: Minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self. (5) The Agreement Maxim: Minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other. (6) The Sympathy Maxim: Minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other. In accordance with Thomas the Tact Maxim (1) contains three different components (1995: 160-f.). Firstly the size of imposition, secondly the mitigation of the effort of a request by offering optionality and finally the cost/benefit scale (cf. Thomas 1995:160-f.). The size of imposition refers to the way of how a speaker can make use of minimizer in order to diminish the implied cost to the hearer as it is in the example: Ive got a bit of problem (Thomas 1995: 161). By the second component Leech means that the speaker should always give options or at least giving the appearance of allowing options (Thomas 1995: 161). As the last aspect is the cost/benefit scale, it implies the speaker is able to express an utterance politely without employing indirectness if it is to the hearers benefit as shown in the following example: Have a chocolate! (Thomas 1995: 161). Instancing the Generosity Maxim (2) by the sentences You must come and have dinner with us and We must come and have dinner wit h you Leech (1983: 133) states that the first is regarded as polite whereas the latter sentence is more impolite. To the Approbation Maxim (3) Leech predicates that the speaker should avoid saying unpleasant things about others (1983: 135) and thus it would be considered as very impolite to remark: What an awful meal you cooked! whereas What a marvelous meal you cooked would be regarded as very polite manners (Leech 1983: 135). Varying extremely in its application from culture to culture one has to take into account that the Modesty Maxim (4) in Japan is more powerful than it is as a rule in English-speaking societies (Thomas 1995: 163). For instance the reaction to a compliment differs as English would accept it pleasantly whereas Japanese would deny it in a modest way (cf. Leech 1983: 137). Second last the Agreement Maxim (5) implies that it is natural to emphasize agreement directly whereas people tend to diminish disagreement by expressing regret (Leech 1983: 138). With the Symp athy Maxim (6) Leech examines why congratulations and condolences are courteous speech acts, even though condolences express beliefs which are negative (138). As it was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter Leech takes the view that the Politeness Principle is supposed to collaborate with, and even rescue, the Cooperative Principle and its associated maxims (Mey 207:81). If this supposition can vindicate will be shown in the conclusion chapter. 3.2 The Q- and R- Principle by Laurence Horn Horn rethinks Grices Cooperative Principle but nevertheless his model keeps relevance within the general framework of Gricean theory (Mey 2007: 82). Horns Q- and R-Principle consists of two principles. Namely, the Q- Principle (Q for quantity), telling us to say as much as we can; and the R-Principle (R for relation), which says that we should say no more than we must' (Mey 2007: 84). Additionally the Q-Principle is hearer-based and it compromises the first half of the Gricean maxim of Quantity (Mey 2007: 84) whereas the speaker-based R-principle includes the second half of the quantity maxim plus the maxims of manner and relation (Mey 2007: 84). Furthermore the Q- and R- principle is concerned with the problem that there exist two kinds of utterances. On the one hand there are utterances which have a clear and unambiguous meaning (Mey 2007: 83) whereas on the other hand there are utterances which need to be interpreted by the hearer. Taking the following sentence as an example for o bserving the R-principle: I cut a finger yesterday (Mey 2007: 83). Thus one can come to the conclusion that the finger is mine and not a finger of someone else. Contrary to this is the sentence: Wilfred is meeting a woman tonight for dinner (Mey 2007: 83). The previous phrase invoke the Q-Principle in order to establish the fact that it is not his wife or regular girlfriend hes seeing (Mey 2007: 84). Basically as Grundy states Horn argues that Grices maxims can be subsumed within two principles (Grundy 2008: 110) and deductive he tries to simplify Grices maxim by reducing them. 3.3 Relevance Theory by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson The Relevance Theory by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson is considered to be a cognitive theory of human communication (Yus 2006: 512) as well as a minimalist theory of communication (Mey 2007: 85). Namely their Relevance Theory is based exclusively on the Principle of Relevance (Mey 2007: 85) which operates as follows (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211): Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance. (a) The set of assumptions {I} which the communicator intends to make manifest to the addressee is relevant enough to make it worth the addressees while to process the ostensive stimulus. (b) The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one the communicator could have used to communicate {I}. Thus in order to communicate successfully relevance is obligatory (Mey 2007: 85). The former term of Relevance is explicated by Sperber and Wilson as assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context (1995: 122). As Relevance Theory was first published in 1986 there exist many updated versions of it. The following description of Relevance Theory refers to the one given by Bublitz (2009: 211-f.). Contrary to Mey Bublitz depicts Relevance Theory as a new approach than rather as a shortened adaption to Grices Cooperative Principle (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211). Furthermore the Relevance Theory operates on a cost-benefit-principle which implies that human beings are trying to achieve a great increase of knowledge by avoiding too big effort in interpreting their talk exchange partners utterance (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211). Consequently it is important that there is a balance between the given information and act of interpreting it (cf. Bublitz 2009: 21 1). 4. Conclusion based on current research 5. Bibliographical References Bublitz, Wolfram. 2009. Englische Pragmatik: Eine Einfà ¼hrung. 2nd edition. Berlin: Schmidt. Grice, Herbert P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan (eds), 41-58. New York: Academic Press. Grundy, Peter. 2008. Doing Pragmatics. 3rd edition. London: Hodder Education. Herbst, Thomas. 2010. English Linguistics: A Coursebook for Students of English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP. Lindblom, Kenneth. 2006. Cooperative Principle Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics 2nd edition, 176-183. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Lumsden, David. 2008. Kinds of Conversational Cooperation. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 1896-1908. (Seiten stimmen nicht, authors manuscript, da nicht verfà ¼gbar!) Mey, Jacbob L. 2007. Pragmatics: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Pfister, Jonas. 2010. Is there a need for a maxim of politeness? Journal of Pragmatics 42 (Issue 5): 1266-1282. Sperber, Dan; Deidre Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Tannen, Deborah. 2011. Thats not what I meant: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. New York: Harper. Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman. Yus, F. 2006. Relevance Theory. In Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics 2nd edition, 512-523. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Essay --

Introduction What is The Internet of Everything (IOE)? The IoE is a concept which is based on a connection between physical devices and the internet. The benefits of such a connection are convenience and satisfaction to the end user. On a lighter note it is bound to make the end user more of a couch potato. In today's technologically driven world, there are more things connected to the internet than there are people in the world. This fact shows that the internet is the future of doing business, learning as well as being a platform for innovation. This is where IoE steps into the picture as it is based on the concept of internet connected devices, and with the progress in terms of technology of everyday devices and objects, the possibilities are endless. IoE is starting to show glimpses of its potential to surround us with connectivity that skilfully responds to our needs and wants - which is called the Digital Sixth Sense. (Qualcomm) Key components of the IoE model are the smartphones we have become accustomed to using, cloud computing which has made remote storage and access a breeze, as well as wireless broadband networks which have been implemented in strategically viable locations for use by modern high broadband demanding devices. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology works hand in hand with this system. IoE is expected to be the fastest growing technological system within the next half decade. There are various many fields where IoE can be applied to and are listed below: †¢ E-Shopping †¢ Home Security Automation †¢ Socially interactive gadgets †¢ Emergency Response Systems †¢ Remote Management of physical objects Ethical and Legal issues of IoE Unlawful Surveillance There are a countless number of simple devices ... ...e implemented and these areas are; Environmental protection, agriculture, transportation as well as education. The future and prospects look exciting for China as it has the potential to achieve great things using this technology as it has the backing of its government as well as a good capital input from investors as the ROI is potentially great. It's becoming a household concept. (sciencemag) During October of last year, IT specialists visited Wuxi regarding the future of the 'Internet of Everything'. The prospects look promising as many good ideas were showcased. The advantage China has is that it takes a centralized approach rather than distributed one in terms of creation of application, which makes it easier for the various devices and applications to communicate and work hand-in-hand with each other thus creating a network of intelligent systems. (sciencemag)

Cultures Research Assignment Essay

As requested, here is the research assignment describing the culture of Mexico, Japan, and Kenya. This assignment will help guide you in understanding the basic communication styles, business etiquettes, and conflict management styles within their corresponding countries. Sincerely, Christian, Candace, and Fabiola Mexico As you travel to Mexico, there are a few tips you should consider to ensure a smooth visit. The communication styles, business etiquette, and conflict management styles vary differently with whoever you are dealing with. Mexicans place great value upon personal relationships. You should always properly address the appropriate Mexican within the organization. If they do not retain a professional title, then always address them with a courteous Mr. Mrs. or Miss (Senor, Senora, or Senorita, respectively). Business attire resembles that of the rest of North America. Men will usually shake hands during greetings, whereas Women will often pat each other on the right forearm or shoulder. Mexican men may exchange a hug, called an â€Å"abrazo†. Usually used among closer acquaintances; it is a sign of good will. To avoid being pushy or rude, never use a direct â€Å"no† for a response. Disguise the â€Å"no† within a â€Å"maybe† or â€Å"we’ll see†. If a conversation topic is outside the purpose of the business meeting, refrain from such topics as Mexican Politics, the Mexican-American war, and comparing Mexico unfavourably to the United States. You may, however, cover such topics as the City and its people, culture and history, and Mexican landmarks. It is not unusual for Mexican business meetings to take place during breakfast, lunch, or dinner. In Mexico, lunch is the biggest meal of the day and it can last for several hours. Dinner is usually served around 9 pm and is usually a light meal. The conflict resolution style used most frequently in Mexico is either by accommodating or by compromising. Japan Today, working in this fast-paced business environment, allows individuals living in different cultures to have business interactions with new clients and build a network of international colleagues. In Japan, they value business people that represent themselves as trustworthy and humble. Japanese primarily use the collaborating conflict management styles in the business environment. Collaboration generates new ideas, and allows both parties to effectively cooperate to on focuses on building a team. In the Japanese culture it is common for business people to ask direct questions with a new person business partner in order to familiarize themselves with one another. At the beginning of a meeting, when business cards are exchanged, a person must bow slightly when handing out their card, and they should place the Japanese translation facing up and toward their business partners. In Japan, business meetings have seating arrangements which is always determined by the status of the participants. Therefore, as a guest you will be directed to the appropriate seat. Always remember, to wait for the head executive to take his/her seat before you will be seated, also when the meeting is finished wait until the head executive leaves his seat before you can exit the room. Japan has similarities and differences in compared to North Americans; however by becoming aware of Japan’s cultural norms it will be easier to understand Japan’s business etiquettes. Kenya Kenya has different business interactions than what we have in North America. The most common greeting in Kenya is by handshake. When greeting an elder or someone with a higher status, lower your eyes and grasp their right wrist with your left hand while shaking hands to demonstrate respect. Right after the hand shake they typically greet you with â€Å"Jambo?† which means â€Å"How are you?† It is mandatory to ask about family, health, and business right after the handshake, rushing or skipping questions will be seen as poor manners and rude. Unless specified by the person, greet them with their professional title followed by their last name. Kenyans mostly have a compromiser, and avoider conflict management style. Kenyans often use stories, metaphors or analogies to get their points across. Direct statements make them really uncomfortable. Kenyans will say what they think it is expected to be said or agree with someone, even if it is the complete opposite in order to not embarrass the other person. Showing anger during a conversation in Kenya it is seemed as a sign for mental instability. When exchanging business cards present and give them with two hands. Following these rules of etiquette when conducting business will result in achieving a successful meeting.

Cryptology and Data Protection

Cryptology and Data Protection Due to the increase in internet usage, emphasis on data security and integrity has been escalated. Better measures in relation to software and hardware based mechanisms are still being invented and put into practice. All information regarding an organization’s business processes is of critical importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cryptology and Data Protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information security and integrity is therefore, a vital consideration in all planning and implementation of processes in an organization. Data security ensures that all data is free from damage, erasure, theft, corruption, unauthorized access or modification, (Summers, 2004). Data integrity on the other hand ensures that data is not altered in any way either by addition or substitution. In this essay we look at how to achieve security and integrity of data, in transit and in storage. Considering the case for Store ItRite Inc, the business may be classified as data warehousing. There is need to secure data during transmission and storage. Another issue that arises is how to carry out communication between the staff members effectively yet securely over insecure communication channels. First, we look at data transmission from the client to the database; data should be transmitted as ciphertext to avoid man- in- the- middle attacks. StoreItRite has no business accessing the data that is held in their hard disks for the customers; its sole business is to store data securely on behalf of its clients. A private key scheme will therefore, work effectively in this setting. Each of the clients will generate a key which will be known only to the particular client. The key will be used to encrypt data for sending to the warehouse and the same key will be used to decrypt data on receipt from the warehouse, (Katz and Lindell, 2007). Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flow of data from the client to the warehouse and back Secondly, to transmit the daily data back up, the warehouse needs to combine all the data received throughout the day. To enhance cost effectiveness of the scheme, the combined data files should be compressed and then encrypted with StoreItRite’s private key. This will reduce the size of the file being transmitted, (Gollmann, 2006). When a client requires the stored data, it will just be retrieved and transmitted to them as ciphertext just the way it came in. On receiving the data from the warehouse, the client decrypts the data using his private key to obtain it in plaintext, (Smith, 2011). In the office, the warehouse staff need to each generate a key pair, {public and private keys}. The public key is given out to all other staff members and each of them keeps their private keys secret. When sending emails, the sender will encrypt the outgoing mail with the recipient’s public key, (Diffie, 1988). To verify the authenticity of the sender, the sender will attach a digital signature to the message. This signature will also serve to prove the integrity of the email. It will be created by first generating a hash of the entire mail and then encrypting it with the sender’s private key. The resulting ciphertext is attached to the email being sent. On receipt the recipient will decrypt the signature with the sender’s public key. If it works that verifies the originator since he alone has his private key. Then he will decrypt the message with his private key and generate a hash of that message. This is then compared with the hash in the signature. If they match the message is original from the sender, (Ferguson and Schneier 2003). Staff member, A Sender Staff member, B Recipient Encrypt message with B’s public key, Decrypt with B’s private key Generate a hash of the entire message Generate a hash of the message Encrypt hash with A’s private key Decrypt the digital signature with A’s public key Attach digital signature and send Compare the two hashes Email security at StoreItRiteAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cryptology and Data Protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kerberos and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) are the two most widely used architectures for securing communication networks. Kerberos enables two communicating parties to exchange confidential information over an insecure network. In this scheme each user is assigned a secret key which is inserted in the messages sent by that user. This key serves to identify the sender. The Key Distribution Center (KDC) serves to authenticate parties in a transaction that is to be carried out over the network communication channels. On the other hand, Public Key Infrastructure employs a combination of public and private keys. It does not req uire any preceding key exchange. With the use of public-private key pair, a centralized hub is not necessary. Due to the use of a centralized hub, Kerberos is limited to a local intranet due to the management issues attached to a centrally managed KDC in widely distributed networks. The centralization of KDC makes Kerberos an easy to attack network architecture due to the single point of entry. KDC is also a throughput bottleneck in network performance and in case of its failure the whole network fails. PKI on the other hand has its keys distributed using a certificate repository that publicly accessible. This eliminates the risk of PKI becoming a performance bottle neck as well as that of it acting as a single point of failure, (Neuman and Tso 1994). While Kerberos is best suited for centralized platforms PKI is effectively applied in multi-platform and distributed computing. Message encryption and digital signatures are well supported in KPI enhancing the security and integrity of the messages sent and received throughout the network. Kerberos does not support these technologies hence, information security is questionable, (Kohl, Neuman, and Tso 1994). References Diffie, W. (1988). The first ten years of public-key cryptography. Proceedings of the IEEE. 76(2). 560-577.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ferguson, N., Schneier B. (2003). Practical Cryptography. England: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Gollmann, D (2006). Computer Security. (2nd Ed) West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Katz, J., Lindell, Y. (2007). Introduction to Modern Cryptography. CRC Press. Kohl, J., Neuman, B., Tso, T. (1994). The Evolution of the Kerberos Authentication System. Distributed open systems. 78–94. Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press. Neuman, B., Tso, T. (1994). Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Computer Networks. IEEE Communications 32 (9): 33–8. Retrieved from http://gost.isi.edu/publications/kerberos-neuman-tso.html Smith, H. (2011).Data Center Storage: Cost-Effective Strategies, Implementation, and Management. CRC Press. Summers, G. (2004). Data and databases. In: Koehne, H Developing Databases with Access: Nelson Australia Pty Limited. P4-5.

Interesting Ideas for College Essays

Interesting Ideas for College Essays Students are expected to write an excellent 500-word college essay for their admissions on a topic that is personal to the student. It is a situation where there are very high stakes for the student. That is a situation that would put any student under immense pressure, but here are some tips that can make your job easier by helping you find good essay topics. There are wide degrees of opinions regarding what is regarded as a good essay topic, although some students feel that a personal statement is a very easy task. This is incorrect and if you think that, you are going to be in trouble. The topic that has been chosen need not necessarily be a unique topic that a person has never come across before. There are people who claim that it is not wise to write about your family, or past experiences, or unfortunate incidents, which is again incorrect. The only area that should be forbidden is persistent self-promotion and the portrayal of oneself as super human and exceptional. However, it is not that simple to come up with an impressive essay topic, but there are a few elements that an essay writer needs t include. The first is the comprehension of the boundary of the assignment. This is to make sure that the essay is constructed in such a way that it appeals to the audience, or whoever is supposed to read the essay. Hence, in order to create such a link with the audience, the essay writer needs to make sure that an interesting story is told which is true, and that shows you are a considerate person, and someone who deserves a place in college. As long as you succeed in achieving this, you can keep your hopes high. Secondly, students need to realize the restraints as they only have 500 words to use for the essay so there is enough space to tell each detail regarding an activity you did for society, therefore; the story can be told only briefly and it is better that you explain the crux, or the purpose, of the story within a limited word count. This might include a story when you volunteered to help clear a landslide during a trip, which would show that the student is generous and willing to help others, therefore likely topics should begin to come forward when you think about your experiences and the topic would take shape. Finally, you should ask yourself questions such as ‘what interests me?’, ‘what keeps me awake during the night?’, ‘which relationships are most dear to me?’ etc, once you have a decent idea regarding the limitations that are associated with the assignment. Once the list has been written, place it to one side and return to look at them later. By then you should see which topic is most appealing and consider writing on that topic. Therefore, every student is able to come up with an interesting story, however; one should invest some time to discover exactly what story that is. If you need help with college essay writing from experts, just visit CustomWritings.com.

Mixed Design Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mixed Design Research - Assignment Example Creswell in his bestselling text Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed method Approaches (Third Edition, 2009). This book talks about the qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies depending on each form of inquiry: it deals right from the initial stage of philosophical assumptions to the writing and presentation of the research paper. In keeping with the mixed method approach on the subject of educational research, which is what this paper examines; the greatest challenge higher education faces in the future are issues of funding and searching for authentic funding agencies; availability of relevant materials in one’s hometown (Metros and big cities have an advantage over people from smaller towns and villages who need to relocate sometimes); availability of research guides; issue of limited seats in common entrance exams for Fellowship purpose; accessibility of research materials, especially journals, often leading to time-consuming processing of limi ted sponsorships to visit those places to get the relevant journals; issue with library access to rare books and consequent time wastage while waiting for library loans to be processed; availability and access to labs with state-of-the-art infrastructure and technology, and issues with unaided research especially for science students where they would need to visit labs every day and cannot devote time to anything else. The issues stated above are real-time challenges experienced and observed by an eminent college professor; who has been teaching English to university students for the last 5 years (Anonymous, 2011). In fact, due to issues with lengthy processing of library loans and lack of proper access to journals and other relevant research materials, she had to visit London on applied sponsorship for about two months to get access to those rare journals and books in order to complete her thesis paper on time. The professor

Progressive Era through the Great Depression Essay

Progressive Era through the Great Depression - Essay Example This assignment seeks to recognize the major turning points in American history between the Progressive Era and the great depression. The assignment also analyses how some historical events shaped Americas current society, economy, politics, and culture. This task also describes the ways that women and minorities have responded to challenges and contributed to American culture. It also recognizes and discusses the ways that formal policies of the government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States. The assignment also analysis the rise of the united states into a world superpower and how the acquired the status has shaped the countries internal developments in the modern epoch. It also identifies the changes in social and economic conditions and technologies have caused concurrent changes in the attitudes of the people and the policies of the government. Various major turning points occurred in the US since the progressive era. One of th e major turning points is the women’s suffrage movement. Most women advocated for the franchise for all the women and the amendment of the constitution in order to incorporate them in decision making of the country. This move provided the women with the full suffrage. The women were granted the right to vote since they were able to convince the men that they should share in the political power. Another major event that happened was the crash of the stock market in the US in October 1929. This crash later spread into the world causing a major economic slump (Goertzel, 2002). The turning point played a major role in converting the United States history on the economic, social, and political backgrounds. One major impact is that America was converted from the wartime frontier to a peaceful time frontier, which bred economic prosperity, social cohesion, and political progression. Consequently, America became the richest nation by the gross domestic product, therefore breeding the culture of consumerism. In the social aspect, there was change that was demanded so that the country can protect and empower every citizen in America. On the political background, there were new laws that were enacted in order to protect people who ordinarily did not have a voice to air. Moreover, the country of United States developed the culture of music, sports, and entertainment culture, which were in existence but needed to be revolutionized in order to incorporate modern trends. The political parties underwent through many changes at this period of reform. Prior to this, the political parties controlled most of the aspects of the political life. This resulted to political parties staying loyal to their followers, thus maintaining the unity and tradition among them (An American Turning Point, 2011). President Franklin Theodore Roosevelt came up with a new spirit of reform during the progressive era. His political philosophies were enthusiastic and aggressive, as he believed th e presidency was a political pulpit for reform. Franklin Roosevelt, before his ascendance into power believed in racial progress but retreated later on his amidst increasing faces of criticisms and his believe in African American inferiority. Some of his reforms were more business oriented such as the move by the congress that created the department of commerce and labor  with a bureau of corporations. In addition, the presidency